Summary)
The development of demographic calculations
began in the 18 century and most modern census began in the late 18 century.
Demography focuses on specific indicators
of change. Typical examples of indicators are fertility and mortality. It also
studies migration trends.
#Fertility and Fecundity
Fertility (birth rate) is how well a woman
can give birth to a child. And Fecundity is a woman’s potential breeding
capacity.
Replacement level fertility is the
fertility rate for maintaining the existing population. This is usually 2.1 and
there are many conditions that can predict the fertility rate. One of which is
the education level of woman. Higher education levels generally lower fertility
rates. Another factor is national development..
#Mortality
Mortality means death rate.
Recent studies have shown that education
has a significant impact on lifespan. The higher level of education, the longer
lifespan.
#Overpopulation
Overpopulation means that number of
population exceeds the capacity of the earth. This is related to the amount of
resources a person needs to live,, including water, food, shelter, and
electricity.
The current population is growing by 80
million every year globally and is expected to stabilize in 2075 due to
worldwide decline in fertility rates.
Supporters of population control say that
the only problem of overpopulation is famine. They argue that without control,
the population will grow to unsustainable level with natural population growth,
which can lead to war and disease as well as epidemics.
There are several arguments for solving
this.
Some say the overpopulation will be
naturally solved. Critics say that in the meantime, many species will become
extinct, will cause serious pollution in some areas, and will cause great pain
for those who die in the solving process. Others say that economic development
can reduce population growth.
#Population as a Function of Food
Availability
Some scholars argue that the population
varies with the ability of humans to supply food. This is supported by the
agricultural revolution.
However, this theory also has problem. Birth
rates are low in developed countries with high food supply capacities and low
in developing countries with low food supply.
#Urbanization
Urbanization is the physical growth of the
city. This is defined as urban population growth and urban migration. Urbanization
is associated with modernization and industrialization.
People move to the city for economic
reasons. In rural areas, people in rural areas move to cities because the
economical conditions are not good and the size of the rural market is has been
reduced in modern times. And city has cultural facilities such as movie
theaters and theme parks that is not existing in rural areas.
Urbanization has a positive side, but there
is a negative side too. One of negative side is about environment. Urban heat
island problems arise due to urbanization, which has a negative impact on the
living environment of residents. In addition, urbanization has caused many
social problems, one of which is the lack of communication among neighbors.
In recent years, phenomenon called
counter-urbanization has been arouse. Which is caused by the development of
traffic and like, and is caused by the increase of crime in the city.
Mention & Question)
This content was what I learned at high
school and middle school. But this writing was more intense because in some
parts, it goes deeper.
As I read The Demographic Transition
section of this writing, I have a question. Is there any reverse of the common
demographic transition model?
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